How much demand flexibility could have spared texas from the 2021 outage?

The February 2021 Texas winter power outage has led to hundreds of deaths and billions dollars in economic losses, largely due the generation failure record-breaking electric demand. In this paper, we study scaling-up demand flexibility as a means avoid load shedding during such an extreme weather event. three mechanisms considered are interruptible load, residential rationing, incentive-based response. By simulating on synthetic but realistic large-scale grid model along with modeling electricity data, identify portfolios mixing that can completely outages, where individual may fail decaying marginal effects. We also reveal rationing complementary, while response exhibits counterintuitive nonlinear effects efficacy other mechanisms. quantitative results provide instructive insights for developing programs against conditions.